Vitamin B12 is required for the bone marrow to create enough healthy red blood cells. Only animal foods (meat and dairy products) and yeast extracts (such as brewer's yeast) contain vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 insufficiency is characterized by low amounts of stored B12 in the body, which can lead to anaemia (a lack of red blood cells).
Vitamin B12 insufficiency can occur for a variety of reasons:
Intrinsic factor deficiency is commonly known as pernicious anaemia. Intrinsic factor is a protein produced by cells in the stomach lining. It binds to vitamin B12 and transports it to the small intestine for absorption. The most prevalent cause of pernicious anaemia is a lack of intrinsic factors. Atrophic gastritis, or weakening of the stomach lining, is frequently related to a lack of intrinsic factors. Elderly persons of African-American or Northern-European heritage are most likely to have atrophic gastritis. Pernicious anaemia strikes these persons around the age of 60.
Reduced intrinsic factor levels in children can be a hereditary (genetic) disorder. When this happens, kids under the age of ten develop signs of juvenile pernicious anaemia as a result of low intrinsic factor levels.
Graves' illness, hypothyroidism (under-functioning thyroid gland), thyroiditis (thyroid inflammation), vitiligo, and Addison's disease are all disorders connected to immune system problems (adrenocortical insufficiency).
Stomach removal or destruction – Vitamin B12 insufficiency can develop in persons who have had part or all of their stomach removed.
Overgrowth of bacteria — Some persons become deficient in vitamin B12 as a result of diseases that delay food passage through the intestines (diabetes, scleroderma, strictures, diverticula), allowing intestinal bacteria to proliferate and overgrow in the upper section of the small intestine. Rather than enabling B12 to be absorbed by the body, these bacteria take it for their own use.
Vegans (strict vegetarians who do not eat any meat, fish, eggs, or dairy products) are at risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of vitamin B12 in their diets. Vitamin B12 deficiency can also be linked to diet in individuals with bulimia or anorexia nervosa. However, because your liver can retain vitamin B12 for up to five years, anaemia caused by diet is uncommon.
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