What is Urinary Tract Infection in Women?
A urinary tract infection is an infection that affects the organs responsible for producing and excreting urine. The kidneys, ureters (long, narrow tubes linking the kidneys to the bladder), bladder, and urethra are among these structures. When looking at urinary tract infections, medical professionals generally categorize them into two different types: lower tract infections and upper tract infections.
Infections of the lower tract — Cystitis is an infection of the bladder (bladder infection). Bacteria found in the intestine are the most common cause of lower urinary tract infections. Bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra and then to the bladder, they grow and cause infection.
Upper urinary tract infections affect the ureters and kidneys. These kidney infections are referred to as pyelonephritis. Upper urinary tract infections are often caused by germs travelling up the urinary system from the bladder into the kidney. They can happen when bacteria travel via the bloodstream from other parts of the body and settle in the kidney.
Women are significantly more likely than males to be affected because their urethras are shorter, allowing germs to enter the bladder more easily. Bacteria can move upward into the bladder during sexual intercourse. Additionally, the use of contraceptive diaphragms and spermicides may alter the natural bacterial environment around the urethra, increasing the risk of infection.
Pregnant women are at an increased risk of cystitis and pyelonephritis because of temporary changes in the physiology and anatomy of the urinary system. Kidney and bladder infections can be extremely dangerous for pregnant women and their unborn children since they raise the chance of preterm labour or delivery, as well as the death of the fetus or newborn infant.
The uterus and bladder are kept in their normal locations just above the inside end of the vagina by a "hammock" of supportive muscles and ligaments. Due to wear and tear on these pelvic supporting structures, the bladder floor and the bottom of the uterus bladder floor, sag through the muscle and ligament layers.
When this occurs, the uterus or bladder may protrude into the vaginal opening. In extreme situations, the sagging uterus or bladder might descend far enough that the bulge appears at or protrudes from the vaginal opening.
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus sags downward. When the bladder sags, this is referred to as bladder prolapse, which is also referred to as a cystocele.
Various stressors can lead to prolapse of the pelvic muscles and ligaments, resulting in uterine or bladder prolapse. The strongest stress on these muscles and ligaments occurs during delivery. Prolapse is more likely to occur in women who have had several pregnancies and vaginal delivery.
Constipation with a habit of regular straining to evacuate faeces and a chronic cough might contribute to prolapse. Additionally, obesity can put pressure on the pelvic muscles.
Support difficulties in the pelvis exacerbate during menopause, as the pelvic tissues rely on estrogen to maintain their tone, and estrogen levels decline the following menopause.
According to some physicians, almost half of all women may experience some degree of uterine or bladder prolapse in the years following childbirth. These conditions go undiagnosed and untreated in the majority of women. Only 10% to 20% of women with pelvic prolapse seek medical attention for their symptoms.
What Is Uveitis
Uveitis simply means the inflammation of the part of the eye called the uvea. The uvea is also known as the uveal tract. It is a continuous layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the eye. It is made up of three structures:
The iris — The iris is the doughnut-shaped portion of the eye that gives it its colour.
The choroid — The choroid is a membrane filled with small blood vessels that lines the eye.
The ciliary body — A thick ring of tissue that helps control the lens. It is attached to the iris, also to the front portion of the choroid.
Depending on which portion of the uvea is damaged, several terms are used to describe the disease. They are as follows:
Iritis (anterior uveitis) – Affects the iris and the front part of the uvea.
Iridocyclitis is a condition that affects the iris and ciliary body.
Intermediate uveitis (also known as pars planitis) is a condition that affects the uvea in the centre, between the retina and the ciliary body.
Posterior uveitis (choroiditis) – Affects the choroids and the posterior section of the uvea.
Diffuse uveitis is a condition in which the whole uvea is inflamed.
Iridocyclitis and anterior uveitis are the two most common types of uveitis. Posterior uveitis is an uncommon condition.
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